Abstract:
Cancer is a complex disease that causes deaths worldwide. Many of the cancerous treatments and diagnostics are present but there are still many gaps remain to be filled to overcome the problems that are present in conventional diagnostics and treatment. Many successes have been achieved related to clinical translation specifically of nano theranostics in the health-care sector. In the treatment of cancer stem cells, drug-resistant cancer and patient stratification nano theranostics have remarkable applications. Engineering and synthesis of many nanoparticles have been used to fulfill the requirement of specific drug delivery and early diagnosis for cancer. This article describes the nanobiotechnology for various biomedical applications having an emphasis on cancer remedy via nanotheranostics.
Introduction:
In the field of medicine theranostic is a term in which therapeutics and diagnostics are catered for broad range applications. In the clinical health-care for getting the more cost-effective approach, a single procedure is designed in which both treatment and diagnostic modalities are combined. It is the advanced technology that shoe promising effects in regards to nanotechnology. Nano-formulations and nano-diagnostics have the capability to undergo the process of target drug delivery with specific sensitivity. Cancer is a complex disease that is controlled by various factors and it is very difficult to get rid of this disease. Due to the non-target drug delivery, the conventional chemotherapeutic method is not as good as a treatment for cancer. Nanobiotechnology is playing a role in the delivery of anticancer agents to the cancerous cell in the body. Cancer is the abnormal growth of the cell-like normal cell cancer cell do not die and divide in an uncontrollable manner and they make the proliferation's known as tumor.
Early detection of cancer by nanobiotechnology:
For the many kinds of screening and test nanoparticles are already present in the market such as in home pregnancy test gold nanoparticles are used. For the cancer nanodevices are used as a biomarker to capture the cancer-associated protein, exosomes and circulating tumor DNA. Nanosensors are capable of high specificity sensitivity and for different complex measurements. Nanoparticles also act as the molecular imagining agents they can report if some of the cancer-related genetic mutations are present in the body. Instead of the therapeutic, this information is used to select a treatment.Dynamic reporters are the bioactivatable nanoparticles when response to the processor factors change properties of in vivo states and these nanoparticles can give both temporal and spatial information on the therapeutic response.With the traditional methods only in vitro diagnosis is possible. In the cancer diagnostics biosensors are one of the manor application. For the early diagnosis of the cancer markers like Her2 quantum dots are used. Biosensors are also used for the monitoring of real time-release drugs. Cadmium selenide nanoparticles are used as nanosensors for the early diagnosis.
Major Nanoparticles used in the battle against Cancer:
On the based of the applications, different nanoparticles can be used as therapeutic agents. Most commonly used are listed below:
Quantum Dots (QDS):
Inorganic semiconductor nanoparticles have major applications in biology and medicine. These nanoparticles are used as nanocarriers and nanosensors. These are biologically inert materials of very low toxicity. QDS nanoparticles are bio-compatible. At the fluctuating pH and the temperature, these are highly stable in comparison with the fluorescent protein. QDS are desirable semiconductor molecules due to their ability to visualize the target tissues hence they are used in the cancer nano theranostics. QDS applications are the delivery of drugs, targeting and imagining of cancer.
Micelles:
These are the nanoparticles spherical in shape and they have the hydrophobic interior for holding the drugs. These are stimuli sensitive and very stable in nature. In the site of action they ability to deliver the cargo with less cytotoxicity. In the cancer patients, these nanoparticles have ability to reduce the intracellular drug resistance.
Liposomes:
The liposomal formulation is the first nano-formulation that is approved by the FDA. These are organic vectors used as the imaging agents and for the target drug delivery to the cancerous cell. These nanoparticles have the properties that they are biodegradable, nonimmunogenic, biocompatible making them the best candidates for encapsulation of many kind of drugs. For the body polyethylene glycol is attached on the liposomal surface so that the immune system can not recogonized the liposomes and they can stay in the body for the longer time period.
Carbon Nanotubes:
These nanotubes have the cylindrical shape they are organic allotropes. In these nanoparticles, drugs are easily loaded due to their lightweight. They are single-walled and multi-walled in structure. With therapeutic and diagnostics agents such as DNA, RNA, genes, and drugs, etc carbon nanotubes can easily be conjugated. These nanotubes are used in the drug delivery and optical imagining,
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide (SPIO) Nanoparticles:
These nanoparticles have unique biological and physio-chemical properties. They do not solubilize in the water. The water solubility of these nanoparticles can be increased by aggregated nanoparticles intracellularly which can be prevented by the addition of the hydrophilic polymers on the surface. These nanoparticles have strong magnetic properties that's why they have the ability of magnetic imagining resonance and magnetic targeting. They processed specific drug delivery because they are stable and biocompatible. In this molecule, the anticancer drug was loaded and in colon cancer cell line cancer imagining and targeting were done.
Prevention of Cancer by Nanomedicine:
Carcinogenesis is removed and this is for prevention from cancer because these chemicals cause the chromosomal aberrations. The treatment that is already existing today does not have the potential to remove the oxidizing agents from the environment. The carcinogenesis is removed effectively when nanoparticles are attached to UV-scattering and UV-absorbing substances. For the damage of para-cancerous cell FDA has approved some conventional drugs. Nanobiotechnology has increased the sensitivity and specificity for drug delivery in cancer prevention. In precancer patents, it will evoke the immune response.
Therapeutics of Cancer by Nanomedicine:
Conventional drug delivery methods have allotted problems including the development of toxicity in the non-cancerous tissue by non-targeted delivery. Nanobiotechnology is used to face such kind of problems such as using the encapsulated nanoparticles the efficiency and effectivity of drug delivery is increased. From this method, small doses can be delivered to the tissue with minimum toxicity. By the cleavage of the RNA molecule, small interfering RNA is synthesized (siRNAs). 20-25 nucleotides function in the gene silencing making RNA-protein complex known as RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). In the nanotherapeutics, these techniques also have applications such as nanoparticles are used as the carriers for the targeted delivery of siRNAs to the gastrointestinal tract of diseased person to make free of cervical and oral cancer.
Advantages of Nanotheranostics agents:
Plausible applications of nanoparticles in which the person is diagnoses treat and accessed in real-time and in the noninvasive tissues are those tools that are used for fighting the battle against cancer with single nanoformulation. For the cancer nanotheranostics nano, drug-tumor patents combination plays a role in the scale-up fabrication of nanoparticles. The attachment of theranostic agents to the nanoparticles combined therapy and diagnosis helps the researchers to get the images of the phenomena of nanoparticles with treatment it will lead to the damage of cancer cells. To discover the novel cancer nanotheranostics methods for the drug delivery physio-chemical properties are considered such as imaging, targeting, and therapeutic agents.
Drawbacks of using Nanoparticles in the battle against Cancer:
Some nanoparticles are toxic to humans there is wast number of reports are present that give nanostructures and announced to be toxic for humans. Different body parts such as gastrointestinal and respiratory develop the toxicity against these substances. Peptides are used so that nanoparticles are easily degraded and can be released from the urine, if the nanoparticles are not excreted they may leas to significant distress to the human body. There is the chance that these nanoparticles can be absorbed by the normal tissues and blood clotting is also caused if they survive for a long period of time in the blood.
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