Computer architecture
Full forms and explanation of the above topics
A computer is an electronic machine in which we input the data and it does the process on the data then gives us output in a required format.
Parts of computer-
1- Hardware-
Those components of the computer which we can see and touch.
e.g. Mouse, Keyboard, Printer Speaker etc.
2- Software-
Those instructions and data which we can see and operate but can physically touch.
e.g. MS Word, Windows and Photoshop, etc.
3- Human-ware-
The computer user who operates a computer.
e.g. bank manager, data-entry employee, any computer operator, etc.
Parts of hardware.
CPU-
The full form of CPU is (Center Processing Unit). It's the base of the computer which shares the work for all peripherals (All kinds of devices attached to CPU). Through, the booting process resets the firmware and rechecks the each and every file location and writes their storage locations. It's three parts.
1-CU- Full form of CU is (Control Unit). It's a component that is used to instruct the arithmetic, memory, and logic, to ensure the transfer of data input as well as output.
ALU- The full form of ALU is (Arithmetic Logic Unit). It's a component that performs all the mathematical and logical activities on the binary number system at the center of CPU on the computer. It's located at the heart of every CPU in the Computer.
MU- Full form of MU is (Memory Unit). It's the amount of data unit that can be stored in the storage unit. It's two parts.
RAM(Random Access Memory)-Random Access memory is a super-fast data storage space in the computer and it's a very fundamental element of the computer. It needs to access now and the next few moments.
ROM(Read Only Memory)- Read-only memory is permanently storage medium in the personal computer and other electronic machines. it keeps programming to needed start a PC at boot-up time. It is used to perform essential tasks and holds the instruction of programs and software while operating them on the computer.
2-Peripherals-
All those components of the computer are attached to CPU to execute the specific task. e.g. Keyboard, monitor, graphic card, expansion card and digital camera, microphone, etc.
Parts of Software
There are two parts of the software.
1- System Software
System software is a kind of software that performs to be mid-ware or interface between hardware and user applications. It's two parts are-
1-Operating System and
2- Utilities
Operating System- It's a kind of application that is all responsible to operate any computer. It performs several management operations e.g. file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, controlling peripherals such as a keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.
Four kinds of Operating Systems are-
1-DOS(Disk Operating System) It performs literally on CUI (character user interface).
2-Windows OS(Operating System) It performs on GUI(graphic user interface)
3-Mac OS- This OS is based on Apple Inc, since 2001 they started to make work simpler.
4- Linux OS-It's open-source operating system, started 1991. It's a Unix command-line user interface.
Utilities- the applications which perform maintaining, configuring, analyzing, and optimizing a computer. this software is used to support computer infrastructure.
2-Application Software-
The group of application software is used to perform basic tasks such as, data entry, processing, accounting, graphic destining, online web services, email client, etc.
There are two parts of application software-
1- Languages
2-Packages
Language- Computer language is a set of instructions that are executed by a computer to perform various kinds of outputs.
Basic two kinds of languages-
1-Low level language
2-High level language
Four types of language in comprising methods-
- Imperative
- Fundamental
- Logical
- Object-Oriented
- 1951 – Regional Assembly Language.
- 1952 – Autocode.
- 1954 – IPL (forerunner to LISP)
- 1955 – FLOW-MATIC (led to COBOL)
- 1957 – FORTRAN (first compiler)
- 1957 – COMTRAN (precursor to COBOL)
- 1958 – LISP.
- 1958 – ALGOL 58.
JavaScript.
Python.
Java.
C/CPP.
PHP
Swift
C#
Ruby.
Objective – C.
SQL
Packages-
Software package is a software package is simply multiple applications or code modules that work together to meet various goals and objectives.
List of software packages-
Word Processing
Spread Sheet
Presentation
Access Database
Image
Designing
Accounting and
Mailing etc.
Each of the above package contains one or more application software as you could go to top of this page and watch architecture given.
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