#Disorders of sleep:
1. Insomnia
2.Narcolepsy
3. Non-REM sleep disorders
4. REM behavioral disorders
5. Other disorders of sleep
1.Insomnia:
• It is the most common disorder throughout the world refers to an inability to have sufficient or restful sleep despite an adequate opportunity for sleep.
•in primary insomnia, the person has difficulty falling asleep and maintenance of sleep.
• secondary insomnia can be due to some associated conditions of aches, pain, discomfort, or mental stress.
• insomnia can be relieved temporarily by sleeping pills, especially benzodiazepines.
• prolonged use of these drugs can be habit-forming and can compromise day time performance. You have to go towards natural therapy which helps in inducing sleep.
2.Narcolepsy:
• it refers to an irresistible urge to sleep. In other words, it's day time sleepiness without any urge to sleep a person.
• person, may unwilling but spontaneously fall asleep at any time in any position. These symptoms show narcolepsy.
• narcolepsy may manifest as:
1. episodes of sudden sleep: The individuals go to sleep while performing daytime tasks.
2. Cataplexy: in some narcoleptics, the profound reduction in the muscle tone characteristic of REM sleep can occur without loss of consciousness.
• such an attack called cataplexy, the individual suddenly becomes paralyzed, falls to the ground, and is unable to move.
3. Dreamlike state during wakefulness: it is another mode of manifestation of narcolepsy. Narcotics describe it as a hallucination.
• dreaming in the day time is nothing but a hallucination.
3. Non-REM sleep disorders:
1.Somnambulism:
• episodes of sleepwalking are more common in children than in adults and occur predominantly in males.
• These episodes may last for several minutes. Such individuals walk with their eyes open and avoid obstacles, but when awakened, they cannot recall the episode.
• person may walk, eat, or dress ( rarely do a crime) and be unaware of it.
• the activities are done with total perfection as if there is an action plan in the brain that operating it.
•it proves that some part of the brain is always awake in sleep also.
• it is physiological or say normal and does not require taking any medicine of it.
3.Somniloquy:
• speaking and shouting at times in sleep is called soliloquy.
•some expressed and repressed words come out due to the removal of inhibition from higher centers of the brain.
• it is also physiological and not necessary to take any medicine for it.
4.Somniphobia:
• fear of falling asleep or going to bed as the person is afraid that he may die in sleep.
• it leads to anxiety and Panic attacks before sleep and during sleep. It requires to treat with natural therapy and to some extent by medicines.
5.Nightmares:
• it is also called pavor nocturnus or episodes of night terror occur during slow-wave sleep(SWS)
• an individual wakes up screaming and appears terrified. In contrast, terrifying dreams that occur during REM sleep are graphically remembered.
• it occurs mostly in children due to seeing terrifying pictures or horror scenes.
6.Nocturia:
• It is also known as Nocturnal enuresis or bedwetting and bed soiling.
• refers to the involuntary voiding of urine that occurs in some children during slow-wave sleep.
• it's normal up to the age of 3-5 years as a part of the toilet training, but failure to achieve control leads to primary enuresis, the person is not aroused to the urge of urination.
4. REM behavior disorder:
• it is a newly recognized condition in which REM sleep is not associated with inhibition of muscle tone.
• such person act out their dreams, that is they thrash about and may even jump out off the bed, ready to do battle with images aggression.
• The generalized or localized muscle contraction associated with vivid visuals imagery, i.e. the motor response to some dream events is referred to as a hypnotic myoclonia.
5. Some other disorders:
1. Bruxism:
• involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth during sleep is known as bruxism.
2. Snoring:
• a grunting sound coming out of the nasal passage and hanging uvula During inspiration and expiration.
• it is due to the loosening of the soft palate during deep sleep.
3. Sleep apnea:
• obstructive sleep apnea due to obstruction of the nasal passage by relaxation of muscles of the soft palate during sleep.
• it leads to the temporary stopping of respiration which causes an increase in the level of pco2pco2 and at times drowsiness, in the daytime.
• it increases the risk of hypertension, and cardiac ischemia.
4. Restless leg syndrome:
• it refers to the sudden involuntary jerky movements of a hand or leg in the body during deep sleep also called nocturnal myoclonus.
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