Chanakya (350-275) BC
a. Chanakya was the founder of the Maurya dynasty and the chief minister of the court of Chandragupta Maurya.
b. He is also known by his other names such as 'Vishnugupta' and 'Kautilya'.
c. He is also known from the book 'Arthashastra' written by him.
d. 'Dhanananda' who was the last ruler of the Nanda dynasty of the kingdom of Magadha. He had expelled Chanakya from his court by insulting him.
e. To avenge this, Kautilya vowed that he would end the rule of Dhanananda, for this he started training Chandragupta and established the Maurya dynasty.
f. He educated and trained Chandragupta Maurya in every way. Made him a skilled and intelligent king.
g. Chandragupta Maurya used to rule the kingdom with the help of these.
Arthashastra
The Arthashastra written by Kautilya is divided into 15 parts which are as follows-
1. Education, discipline, training to be imparted to a king/prince.
2. Duties of various seats of the state.
3. Law and it's administration. https://paidforarticles.com/member/articles/56260/edit
4. Fear of crime.
5. Emergency provision.
6. Elements of state.
7. Foreign policy.
8. Methods of poor function, various, calamities.
9. Army Organization.
10. Fighting methodology at war.
11. Steps to be taken by a would-be conqueror.
12. Designs to be adopted by a weakened king.
13. Conquest of the enemy by various methods.
14. Remedies and plans to be adopted in getting rid of enemies or terrorists.
15. Object and purpose achieve by Arthashastra.
According to Kautilya Elements of State
1. Swami (King)
2. Janapada (People)
3. Rashtra (Territory)
4. Amatya (Ministers)
5. Danda (Sovereignty and Force)
6. Kosh (Treasure)
7. Durga (Fort-defence)
8. Mitra (Foreign Relation)
https://www.quotetab.com/chanakya-quotes-about-kings
According to Kautilya Origin of state
In this time, the king was elected on the basis of contractual principle. According to this, the king used to provide security and care to the people in return for tax.https://www.ancient.eu/Arthashastra/
As a tax, the king used to give 1/6 part of his yield, gold or some part of the land.
According to Kautilya Types of State
1. Monarchical State - Monarchy is the system of governance in which a person (king) is the surveyor of governance. In the monarchy, the kings ruled autocratically and did many atrocities on the people.
The king is not chosen by the governed but is hereditary or defeats another king in battle to become a king. The monarchy is the oldest and natural system of governance in the world.
According to this system, only the son of the king or someone of the royal family could always sit on the throne, even if he was unfit. The situation in India is different with respect to the monarchy.
2. Dwerajya(Dual State) - In this state, two kings ruled together. Like two brothers or father - son.
3. Vairajya - There was no king in this state, but the entire people used to rule the state. The biggest drawback of this state is that such a state was weak and fragile and such a large area cannot be ruled over.
4. Sanghrajya(Union State) - In this time, small states combined and converted into Union states.
Small states cannot live in the world because other big states could easily win by attacking these small states.
Therefore, it is right for them to convert to the Sanghrajya Through which these states used to get better security.
According to Kautilya End / Purpose of State
1. Helping the people in the attainment of Dharma (justice), Karma, Artha (wealth).https://paidforarticles.com/member/articles/56519/edit
2. Maintaining peace and order.
3. People to avoid war.
4. Getting what can be achieved.
5. For the development of subjects.
According to Kautilya Nature of state / king
1. King - The king was the center of the kingdom. The king had a genetic designation. The king lived a high style of life and enjoyed life with tax collected by the public.
According to Kautilya - the king should lead a life of morality, without fault and with discipline.
The administration of the king should be such that more and more people can be benefited. Kautilya performed severe duties on the king.
2. Ececutive Machinery
Was very organized. The king was under special care. The king worked through his ministers and officers.
Which was as follows - Detectives, Ambassadors, Commander, Establishment, Suta and other minor officers.
3. At that time powers were not divided like today. As of today, the legislature, executive and judiciary are divided into three parts. At that time, the king had all these three powers.
4. Center-State Relations and Parallel Organization - At that time it was not much organized.
According to Kautilya Qualities of King
1. The king should have been ingborn in a royal family.
2. Be well-trained and trained.
3. Get wisdom from elders and elders.
4. Be enthusiastic.
5. Always be truth-speaking, brave, big, objective and grateful.
6. The king should be disciplined.
7. The king should have an assembly of ministers.
8. He should not be addicted to excuses.
9. Greed, anger, boast addicted.
10. He should control his senses. You should use your senses for the welfare of the people and the welfare of the state and other good works.
According to Kautilya Duties of King
1. Spritual Duties
a. The king should visit the temple daily.
b. Know the Puranas and respect the Brahmin.
c. The king's happiness should be in the happiness of the people and the sorrow of the king in the misery of the people.
2. Legislative Duties
a. The right and beneficial rules should be made for the good of our subjects.
b. You should protect your subjects internally and externally.
c. The chaotic elements must be removed from their state.
3. Executive Duties
a. Laws should apply.
b. Keep an eye on the rules that are implemented so that no one can violate the laws.
4. Judiciary Duties
a. To establish Dharma (justice).
b. Justice and punishment given to the people according to religion.
5. Military Duties
a. Leading your army.
b. Constantly checking your infantry, chariots, horses, elephants, and weapons.
c. Always keep the army ready for war.
6. Revenue Duties
a. Always keep your fund full. Performing works that always keep the treasury full. Like taxing subjects.
b. Appointment of ministers and officers according to their intelligence and conduct.
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